Safe mode

Safe mode is a recovery feature of Microsoft Windows which allows to start the operating system in a light-weight configuration. It enables only the most essential services and drivers, whose list is stored in the registry, and forces the default basic video driver, which makes it useful for troubleshooting driver and configuration issues. The main difference between Windows Recovery Environment and safe mode is that while the recovery environment is a Windows PE distribution stored on a separate partition and is accessible as long as the boot manager is functional, safe mode operates on the main Windows installation and requires the core system components to be intact and functional.

It evolved from a similar feature in MS-DOS 6, which allowed the user to press the F8 key during boot to enter an interactive startup mode, where the operating system would print out each statement in  and   and ask whether should it be executed, or the F5 key to skip processing of the configuration files completely.

The mode was first introduced in Windows 95 build 90c as "Clean Start", then it was renamed "Fail-safe mode" towards the Beta 1 and received its final name in the Beta 2.

The first known NT-based build to include a conventional safe mode is Windows 2000 build 1738, under the name of "Minimal Services Boot". A safe mode was not included in earlier versions of Windows NT. Instead, Windows NT offers an option to use the last known good configuration to start the system, which would load a backup copy of the  key used for the last successful boot.

In Windows 11, safe mode includes the following configurations:
 * Safe Mode, which loads only services and drivers whitelisted in.
 * Safe Mode with Command Prompt is the same as regular Safe Mode, but runs the executable specified in the  string value in   (set to   by default, hence the name) instead of the regular shell.
 * Safe Mode with Networking, which loads only services and drivers whitelisted in.
 * Directory Services Repair Mode, which uses the same whitelist as Safe Mode with Networking when launching services; however, drivers are loaded normally. This mode also brings the Active Directory server down to allow a backup to be restored, therefore it is also known as "Active Directory Repair". Unlike regular Safe mode, it does not disable the boot screen, resulting in version information to be printed onscreen in Windows 7 and older due to the use of the  option.

Upon booting a system in safe mode and logging in, the system displays a notice about its purpose. Safe mode also sets the desktop background to a solid black color and displays a distinctive watermark that includes the words "Safe Mode" in each corner and the operating system version at the top center. This overrides other forms of watermark, if any. In Windows 9x, safe mode does not change the desktop background nor display the system version on the desktop (unless the user uses a pre-release/debug version, or it's manually enabled via registry; the version will appear in the bottom right corner unlike in NT versions), though it still shows the label "Safe mode" in each corner of the desktop and displays a notice after boot up.

Additionally, the system bumps down the screen resolution on Windows XP and earlier to the usual VGA size (640x480), due to it loading the standard display drivers, whereas from Vista to 8.1 it uses a higher resolution of 800x600 and in Windows 10 and later uses a resolution of 1024x768 that however can be set back down to 800x600.

Lastly, visual styles are disabled until Windows 7, forcing to use the Windows Classic theme. However, thanks to the sidebar, pre-reset builds of Windows Longhorn have a themed taskbar. Since Windows 8, where the Windows Classic can no longer be set, the default set theme is utilized, but effects such as animations and window shadows are disabled. In Windows 11, due to the enforcement of the standard display drivers, rounded corners are also not utilized.